One of the big themes in CSE 134B is progressive enhancement.

Start with HTML

• Make sure the page works with just HTML.
• Forms should still submit and be readable even if JS is off.

Add CSS

• Use CSS to make the page look better and easier to use.
• Avoid layout shifts when validation messages appear.

Layer on JavaScript

• Only then add JS features like live validation, character counters, or theme toggles.
• If JS fails, the core experience is still intact.

This Astro site follows the same idea: content and navigation work without requiring any client-side JavaScript.